Columbus day 2016 is stock market open or closed 2016
Columbus Day is a national holiday in many countries in the Americas and elsewhere which officially celebrates the anniversary of Christopher Columbus ' arrival in the Americas on October 12, Columbus Day first became an official state holiday in Colorado in autumn ofand became a federal holiday in the United States inthough people have celebrated Columbus's voyage since the colonial period.
InNew York City and other U. President Benjamin Harrison called upon the people of the United States to celebrate Columbus Day on the th anniversary of the event. During the four hundredth anniversary inteachers, preachers, poets and politicians used Columbus Day rituals to teach ideals of patriotism. These patriotic rituals took themes such as citizenship boundaries, the importance of loyalty to the nation, and celebrating social progress.
Many Italian-Americans observe Columbus Day as a celebration of their heritage, the first occasion being in New York City on October 12, The first statewide Columbus Day holiday was proclaimed by Colorado governor Jesse F. McDonald inand it was made a statutory holiday in It is generally observed nowadays by banks, the bond market, the U.
Postal Serviceother federal agencies, most state government offices, many businesses, and most school districts. Some businesses and some stock exchanges remain open, and some states and municipalities abstain from observing the holiday.
Actual observance varies in different parts of the United States, ranging from large-scale parades and events to complete non-observance. Most states celebrate Columbus Day as an official state holiday, though many mark it as a "Day of Observance" or "Recognition" and at least four do not recognize it at all.
Most states that celebrate Columbus Day will close state services, while others operate as normal. San Francisco claims the nation's oldest continuously existing celebration with the Italian-American community's annual Columbus Day Parade, which was established by Nicola Larco in[13] while New York City boasts the largest. As in the mainland U. In the United States Virgin Islandsthe day is celebrated as both Columbus Day and "Puerto Rico Friendship Day".
Virginia also celebrates two legal holidays on the day, Columbus Day and Yorktown Victory Day, which honors the final victory at the Siege of Yorktown in the Revolutionary War. Hawaii celebrates Discoverers' Day, which commemorates the Polynesian discoverers of Hawaii on the same date, the second Monday of October, [19] [20] though the name change has not ended protest related to the observance of Columbus' discovery. Similarly, inVermont started celebrating "Indigenous People's Day" instead of Columbus Day.
Because this change was made by Governor Peter Shumlin's executive proclamationit only applies for In the future it would have to be issued by the sitting governor on a yearly basis, or officially changed by the legislature in order to become permanent. Several other states have removed Columbus Day as a paid holiday for government workers while still maintaining Columbus Day either as a day of recognition or a legal holiday for other purposes.
These include California and Texas. The city of BerkeleyCalifornia, has replaced Columbus Day with Indigenous People's Day since[31] a move which has been followed by multiple other localities including Sebastopol and Santa CruzCalifornia; Dane CountyWisconsin; Minneapolis-Saint PaulMinnesota; SeattleWashington; MissoulaMontana; CambridgeMassachusetts; Denver, Colorado; and PhoenixArizona.
The date Columbus arrived in the Americas is celebrated in many countries in Latin America. The day was first celebrated in Argentina inVenezuela and Colombia inChile inand Mexico in Since then, La Raza has served as a periodic rallying cry for Hispanic activists. The first Hispanic March on Washington occurred on Columbus Day in The name has remained in the largest Hispanic social justice organization, the National Council of La Raza.
On October 12, a crowd of pro-government activists toppled the statue of Christopher Columbus in Caracas and sprayed allusive graffiti over its pedestal. Some Caribbean countries also observe holidays related to Columbus Day. In Belize, October 12 is celebrated as Day of the Americas or Pan American Day.
Since the 18th century, many Italian communities in the Americas have observed the Discovery of the New World as a celebration of their heritage; Cristopher Columbus whose original, Italian name is "Cristoforo Colombo" was an Italian explorer, citizen of the Republic of Genoa. In Italy, Columbus Day has been officially celebrated since The "Lega Navale Italiana" has created a Regata di Colombo as a celebration of the Columbus achievement.
SinceSpain has celebrated the anniversary of Columbus' arrival in the Americas as its Fiesta Nacional or "National Day". Opposition to Columbus Day dates to at least the 19th century where activists had sought to eradicate Columbus Day celebrations because of its association with immigrants and the Knights of Columbus.
Some non-Catholics were afraid it was being used to expand Catholic influence. This opposition was led by Native Americans and expanded upon by left-wing political parties, [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] though it has become more mainstream. There are different strands of criticism, which are interrelated. One criticism refers primarily to the treatment of the indigenous populations during the European colonization of the Americas which followed Columbus's discovery.
Some groups such as the American Indian Movement have argued that the ongoing actions and injustices against Native Americans are masked by positive Columbus myths and celebrations. These groups argue that the legacy of Columbus has been used to legitimize these actions. David Peat asserts that many cultural myths of North America exclude or diminish the free bells on animal crossing city folk and myths of Native Americans.
These cultural myths include ideas expressed by Michael Berliner of the Ayn Rand Institute claiming that Western civilization brought " reasonscience, self-relianceindividualism play n trade woodstock ga, ambition, and productive achievement" to a people who were based in " primitivismmysticismand collectivism ", and to a land that was "sparsely inhabited, unused, and underdeveloped".
He wrote in his book Bringing the Law Back Home:. Very high on the list of those expressions of non-indigenous sensibility [that] contribute to the perpetuation of genocidal policies against [American] Indians are the annual Columbus Day celebration, events in which it is baldly asserted that the process, events, and circumstances described above are, at best, either acceptable or unimportant.
More often, the sentiments expressed by the participants are, quite frankly, that the fate of Native America embodied in Columbus and the Columbian legacy is a matter to be openly and enthusiastically applauded as an unrivaled "boon to all mankind". Undeniably, the situation of American Indians will not—in fact cannot —change for the better so long as such attitudes are deemed socially acceptable by the mainstream populace. Hence, such celebrations as Columbus Day must be stopped.
A second strain of criticism of Columbus Day focuses on the character of Columbus himself.
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In time for the observation of Columbus Day inthe final volume of a compendium of Columbus-era documents was published by the University of California, Los Angeles 's Medieval and Renaissance Center. Geoffrey Symcox, the general editor of the project, asserted: But to historians today this information is very important. It changes our whole view of the enterprise". Howard Zinn described some of the details of how Columbus personally ordered the enslavement and mutilation of the native Arawak people in a bid to repay noafx binary options investors:.
Now, columbus day 2016 is stock market open or closed 2016 his base on Haiti, Columbus sent expedition after expedition into the interior. They found no gold fields, but had to fill up the ships returning to Spain with some kind of dividend. In the yearthey went on a great slave raid, rounded up fifteen hundred Arawak men, women, and children, put them in pens guarded by Spaniards and dogs, then picked the five hundred best specimens to load onto ships. Of those five hundred, two hundred died en route.
The rest arrived alive in Spain and were put up for sale by the archdeacon of the town, who reported that, although the slaves were "naked as the day they were born," they showed "no more embarrassment than runescape 3 how to make money fast f2p. But too many of the slaves died in captivity.
And so Columbus, desperate to pay back dividends to those who had invested, had to make good his promise to fill the ships with gold.
In the province of Cicao on Haiti, where he and his men imagined huge gold fields to exist, they ordered all persons fourteen years or older to collect a certain quantity of gold every three months. When they brought it, they were given copper tokens to hang around their necks.
American Indians found without a free virtual private server for forex token had their hands cut off and bled to death. Most criticisms combine elements of both strains. Journalist and media critic Norman Solomon reflects in Columbus Day: Stock market unilever Clash of Myth and History that many people choose to hold on to the myths surrounding Columbus whereas historians who deal with the evidence are frequently depicted as politically correct revisionists.
He quotes from the logbook Columbus's initial description of the American Indians: They would make fine servants With 50 men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we trade orbitz forex peace army. Induring the Second Voyage, American Indians were transported to Spain as slaves, many dying en route.
In contrast to "the myth" Solomon quotes Las Casas who describes Spaniards driven by "insatiable greed" — "killing, terrorizing, afflicting, and torturing the native peoples" with "the forex trader in malaysia and most varied new methods of cruelty" and how systematic violence was aimed at preventing "[American] Indians from daring to think of themselves as human beings.
In the summer ofrepresentatives from American Indian groups from all over the hemisphere, met in QuitoEcuador, at the first Intercontinental Gathering of Indigenous People in the Americasto mobilize against the quin-centennial celebration of Columbus Stock market futures basics pdf. The following summer, in Davis, Californiamore than a hundred Native Americans gathered for a follow-up meeting to the Quito conference.
They declared October 12,"International Day of Solidarity with Indigenous People". The largest ecumenical body in the United States, the National Council of Churchescalled on Christians to refrain from celebrating the Columbus quincentennial, saying, "What represented newness of freedom, hope, and opportunity for some was the occasion for oppression, degradation and genocide for others".
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the holiday. For the film of the same name, see Columbus Day film. For the Pacific Northwest storm, see Columbus Day Storm of Holidays portal Spain portal Italy portal Latin America portal. Cultural Movements and Collective Memory: Christopher Columbus and the Rewriting of the National Origin Myth.
Retrieved April 23, State Department, Bureau of International Information Programs. Office of the Law Revision Counsel. Archived from the original Text on October 19, Retrieved October 19, Library of Congress National Digital Library. Archived from the original on October 19, The bill in question became the Uniform Monday Holiday Act. The Wall Street Journal. What's Closed, What's Open on Monday, Oct. Retrieved October 7, Retrieved October 12, Retrieved July 12, Archived from the original on September 20, Retrieved February 24, Retrieved October 8, Nevada Revised Statues Chaptersection Retrieved January 19, Paddock January 13, UW Group Offers Alternative to Columbus".
City Council Passes Indigenous Peoples Day Resolution". Now Indigenous Peoples' Day".
Retrieved October 6, American Indians See Columbus Day As a Reminder of Harsh Treatment Ages Ago". Retrieved September 13, The San Pedro Sun. Retrieved 12 October Constitutional Law of 15 EU Member States. Retrieved September 30, National Days throughout the History and the Geography of Spain".
Historical, Political, and Religious Celebrations around the World.
Are Banks Closed Presidents’ Day ? Some Banks Open Monday — Check Out This List For Hours And Locations
Cultural movements and collective memory: Christopher Columbus and the rewriting of the national origin myth. Retrieved 28 September A Celebration of Heroism, Patriotism, and Italian and Latino Pride".
Retrieved 21 September A Journey into the Native American Universeby F. David Peat, Weiser,ISBNp. Baltimore Evening Sun, reprinted by Clergy and Laity Concerned. Retrieved 7 October A Clash of Myth and History". Archived from the original on October 25, Retrieved October 11, Several Massachusetts towns and cities have for the first time opted to celebrate indigenous people rather than explorer Christopher Columbus' arrival in the Americas.
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